The Controversy Over Columbus Day Celebrations

The Controversy Over Columbus Day Celebrations Just two government occasions bear the names of explicit men-Martin Luther King Jr. Day and Columbus Day. While the previous spends every year with moderately little contention, restriction to Columbus Day (saw on the second Monday of October)â has escalated in ongoing decades. Local American gatherings contend that the Italian explorer’s appearance in the New World introduced decimation against indigenous people groups just as the transoceanic slave exchange. In this manner Columbus Day, much like Thanksgiving, features Western government and the triumph of minorities.  The conditions encompassing Christopher Columbus’ raid into the Americas have prompted a conclusion to Columbus Day observances in certain regions of the U.S. In such districts, the commitments Native Americans have made to the region are perceived. Be that as it may, these spots are special cases and not the standard. Columbus Day stays a pillar in almost all U.S. urban communities and states. To change this, activists contradicted to these festivals have propelled a multi-pronged contention to show why Columbus Day ought to be annihilated. Sources of Columbus Day Christopher Columbus may have first left his blemish on the Americas in the fifteenth century, yet the United States didn’t set up a government occasion in his respect until 1937. Authorized by Spanish King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to investigate Asia, Columbus rather cruised to the New World in 1492. He originally landed in the Bahamas, later creation his approach to Cuba and the island of Hispanola, presently the home of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Accepting that he had found China and Japan, Columbus established the principal Spanish province in the Americas with the assistance of almost 40 crewmembers. The accompanying spring, he headed out back to Spain where he gave Ferdinand and Isabella flavors, minerals and indigenous people groups he’d caught. It would return three excursions to the New World for Columbus to establish that he hadn’t found Asia yet a mainland through and through new to the Spanish. When he passed on in 1506, Columbus had befuddled the Atlantic various occasions. Obviously, Columbus left his blemish on the New World, yet would it be a good idea for him to be given acknowledgment for finding it? Columbus Didn’t Discover America Ages of Americans grew up discovering that Christopher Columbus found the New World. However, Columbus wasn’t the main European to land in the Americas. Harking back to the tenth century, the Vikings investigated Newfoundland, Canada. DNA proof has likewise discovered that Polynesians settled in South America before Columbus made a trip to the New World. There’s additionally the way that when Columbus showed up in the Americas in 1492, in excess of 100 million individuals possessed the New World. G. Rebecca Dobbs wrote in her paper â€Å"Why We Should Abolish Columbus Day† that to recommend that Columbus found America is to propose that the individuals who occupied the Americas are nonentities. Dobbs contends: â€Å"How would anyone be able to find a spot which many millions definitely think about? To state this should be possible is to state that those occupants are not human. Also, actually, this is actually the demeanor numerous Europeans†¦displayed toward indigenous Americans. We know, obviously, this isn't accurate, yet to sustain the possibility of a Columbian revelation is to keep on doling out a non-human status to those 145 million individuals and their descendants.† Didn’t Columbus find the Americas, however he additionally didn’t promote the possibility that the earth was round. The informed Europeans of Columbus’ day generally recognized that the earth was not level, in opposition to reports. Given that Columbus neither found the New World nor dispersed the level earth legend, adversaries to the Columbus recognition question why the national government has put aside daily in the explorer’s respect. Columbus’ Impact on Indigenous Peoples The principle reason Columbus Day draws restriction is a result of how the explorer’s appearance to the New World influenced indigenous people groups. European pioneers not just acquainted new infections with the Americas that cleared out scores of Native people groups yet additionally fighting, colonization, subjection, and torment. Considering this, the American Indian Movement (AIM) has approached the national government to stop observances of Columbus Day. Point compared Columbus Day festivities in the U.S. to the German individuals building up a vacation to observe Adolf Hitler with marches and celebrations in Jewish people group. As indicated by AIM: â€Å"Columbus was the start of the American holocaust, ethnic purging portrayed by murder, torment, assaulting, plundering, burglary, subjection, grabbing, and constrained expulsions of Indian individuals from their countries. †¦We express that to praise the heritage of this killer is an attack against every single Indian individuals, and other people who really comprehend this history.† Options in contrast to Columbus Day Since 1990 the province of South Dakota has observed Native American Day in lieu of Columbus Day to respect its occupants of indigenous legacy. South Dakota has a Native populace of 8.8 percent, as indicated by 2010 statistics figures. In Hawaii, Discoverers’ Day is praised as opposed to Columbus Day. Discoverers’ Day gives proper respect to the Polynesian wayfarers who cruised to the New World. The city of Berkeley, Calif, likewise doesn’t observe Columbus Day, rather perceiving Indigenous Peoples Day since 1992. All the more as of late, urban communities, for example, Seattle, Albuquerque, Minneapolis, Santa Fe, N.M., Portland, Ore., and Olympia, Wash., have all settled Indigenous Peoples Day festivities instead of Columbus Day.

Head Start Essay Example For Students

Head Start Essay The most elevated paces of oppositional resistant turmoil (ODD) and lead disorder(CD) are found in low-pay government assistance families. The Head Start program is for thecontinued upgrade of administrations for poor kids ages zero to five, and theirfamilies. The guardians of the kids in the Head Start program are once in a while inspected. Head Start rather centers around the scholastic execution of the included youngsters. Thearticle, Preventing Conduct Problems in Head Start Children: Strengthening ParentingCompetencies in The Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology chooses to adopt adifferent strategy. Rather than singling out the kid and holding just the childresponsible for their social and scholastic conduct, they put the duty on thefamily, the school just as the kid. Nine focuses were looked over inside one huge urban Head Start district(representing six school regions) based on their similitude as far as ethnicminority rates, educators capabilities, family administration laborers capabilities andeducation, number of study halls, number of youngsters, childrens enlistment age, andlength of Head Start class (4 hr for every day). Another factor was their ability toparticipate in the investigation and to be arbitrarily relegated to either the mediation group(PARTNERS), which should be an early anticipation ga thering to forestall thedevelopment of ODD and CD in small kids. Or then again being haphazardly alloted to theCONTROL gathering (Head Starts standard educational plan). The Nine Head Start focuses were arbitrarily appointed to either gatherings. This is aplus on the grounds that the entire community, not only a couple of classes in the inside, is engaged with thechosen program. Likewise, the focuses didnt banter on which program that theyd like toparticipate in. There were a bigger number of families in the trial bunch than in the controlgroup. The Partners or Control program is the free factor (contingent upon whichgroup the youngster is a piece of). The childs direct is the needy variable. List of sources:

What is the Debt to Income Ratio

What is the Debt to Income Ratio What is the Debt to Income Ratio? What is the Debt to Income Ratio?One of the great things about credit is that it lets you make purchases you wouldn’t otherwise be able to afford at one time. But this arrangement only works if you are able to make your monthly payments. That’s why lenders look at something called your debt to income ratio. Its a number that indicates what kind of debt load you’ll be able to afford. And if youre looking to borrow, its a number youll want to know.  Unless your rich eccentric uncle suddenly dies and leave you a giant pile of money, making any large purchase, like a car or a home, is going to mean taking out a loan. Legitimate loans spread the repayment process over time (or a longer term), which makes owning these incredibly expensive items possible for regular folks.But not all loans are affordable. If the loan’s monthly payments take up too much of your budget, then youre likely to default. And as much as you, the borrower, do not want that to happen, it’s also something th at lenders want to avoid at all costs.It doesn’t matter how much you want that cute, three-bedroom Victorian or that sweet, two-door muscle car (or even if you’re just looking for a personal loan to consolidate your higher interest credit card debt). If you cant afford your monthly payments, reputable lenders aren’t going to want to do business with you. (Predatory payday lenders are a different story, they actually want you to be unable to afford your loan. You can read more about that shadiness in our personal loans guide.)So how do mortgage, car, and personal lenders determine what a person can afford before they lend them? Well, they usually do it by looking at their debt to income ratio.What is the debt to income ratio?Basically, it’s the amount of your monthly budget that goes towards paying debtsâ€"including rent or mortgage payments.Your debt to income ratio is benchmark metric used to measure an individual’s ability to repay debt and manage their monthly payments, ” says Brian Woltman, branch manager at Embrace Home Loans (@EmbraceHomeLoan).“Your DTI as it’s commonly referred to is exactly what it sounds like. It’s calculated by dividing your total current recurring monthly debt by your gross monthly incomeâ€"the amount you make before any taxes are taken out,” says Woltman. “It’s important because it helps a lender to determine the proper amount of money that someone can borrow, and reasonably expect to be paid back, based on the terms agreed upon.”According to Gerri Detweiler (@gerridetweiler), head of market education for Nav (@navSMB), “Your debt to income ratio provides important information about whether you can afford the payment on your new loan.”On some consumer loans, like mortgages or auto loans, your debt to income ratio can make or break your loan application,” says Detweiler. “This ratio typically compares your monthly recurring debt payments, such as credit card minimum payments, student loan payments, m ortgage or auto loans to your monthly gross (before tax) income.”Here’s an exampleLarry has a monthly income of $5,000 and a list of the following monthly debt obligations:Rent: $1,200Credit Card: $150Student Loan: $400Installment Loan: $250Total: $2,000To calculate Larry’s DTI we need to divide his total monthly debt payments by his monthly income:$2,000 / $5,000 = .40Larry’s debt to income ratio is 40 percent.David Reiss (@REFinBlog), is a professor of real estate finance at Brooklyn Law School. He says that the debt to income ratio is an important metric for lenders because “It is one of the three “Cs” of loan underwriting:Character: Does a person have a history of repaying debts?Capacity: Does a person have the income to repay debts?Capital: Does the person have assets that can be used to retire debt if income should prove insufficient?What is a good debt to income ratio?If you listen to Ben Franklin, who subscribed to the saying ‘neither a borrower nor lender be ,’ the ideal ratio is 0,” says Reiss. But he adds that only lending to people with no debt whatsoever would put home ownership out of reach for, well, almost everyone. Besides, a person can have some debt on-hand and still be a responsible borrower.“More realistically, in today’s world,” says Reiss, “we might take guidance from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) which advises against having a DTI ratio of greater than 43 percent. If it creeps higher than that, you might have trouble paying for other important things like rent, food and clothing.”Requirements vary but usually if you can stay below a 33 percent debt-to-income ratio, youre fine,” says Detweiler. “Some lenders will lend up to a 50 percent debt ratio, but the interest rate may be higher since that represents a higher risk.”For Larry, the guy in our previous example, a 33 percent DTI would mean keeping his monthly debt obligations to $1650.Let’s go back to that 43 percent number that Rei ss mentioned because it isn’t just an arbitrary number. 43 percent DTI is the highest ratio that borrower can have and still receive a Qualified Mortgage.What’s a Qualified Mortgage?Qualified Mortgages are home loans that follow certain guidelines designed to make them safe. The lenders that issue these loans make an effort to determine a borrower’s ability to repay the loan, which is a hallmark of safe, socially responsible lending.According to the CFPB, in order to be classified as “Qualified” a mortgage must not have loan terms longer than 30 years; include any “interest-only” periods, during which borrowers only makes payments towards the interest (not the principal); “balloon payments,” which are are larger than normal payments that come towards the end of the loan’s repayment period; or “negative amortization,” which can lead to your loan principal increasing over time.There are some exceptions to the 43 percent DTI rule for Qualified Mortgages. For ins tance, lenders under a certain size can issue mortgages to customers with a higher DTI. However, if you have a DTI above 43 percent, you will generally find that it’s harder to get a Qualified Mortgage. Not only will you see higher interest rates on your loan, you are more likely to be offered predatory termsâ€"like the ones mentioned aboveâ€"that make it much harder to repay.What’s not included in your debt to income ratio?Keep in mind that not all payments are included in this calculation,” says Detweiler. “For example, your utilities or cell phone payment wont likely factor in. Rent may or may not factor in, depending on the type of loan. Also, remember the lender will factor in the anticipated monthly payment from the loan you are trying to get into the calculation.”That’s why including your current rent is the trickiest part of the DTI calculation. Remember, if you are currently renting but are applying for a home mortgage loan, then your monthly rent payments will no longer factor into your DTI once you own a home.So while calculating your current debt to income ratio (including your monthly rent) might be helpful, the number that really matters is the debt to income ratio that includes your mortgage payments.“It’s important though to take into account the amount of money you’re comfortable with paying on a monthly basis,” says Woltman. “Too many times people ask the question How much can I qualify for? when in actuality they should be asking How much can I borrow to keep my payment at $XXX per month? It’s important to know what you’re willing to spend and work from there.”Heres how you can improve your debt to income ratio“Borrow less and earn more,” advises Reiss. If you have debt, work to pay it off, starting with your high-cost debt, such as credit card balances.”For anyone looking to improve their DTI when considering buying a house it’s very easy to do,” says Woltman. “Take a look at your credit profile and s ingle out credit cards or loan payments that have low balances but high monthly minimum payments. That not only signifies high-interest rates, but it’s a target for accounts you can pay to $0 and not incur a financial burden paying off.”“Be careful though,” he warns. “If you have a car lease that only has a few payments left, do not pay that off to lower your DTI because, unless you bought the car, the lender will assume you’re going to lease a new vehicle and still count that payment against you.”“Borrow less and earn more,” advises Reiss. If you have debt, work to pay it off, starting with your high-cost debt, such as credit card balances.”One thing that will really hurt your debt to income ratio is getting trapped in a cycle of debt from a predatory payday lender. To learn more about them, check out the eBook How to Protect Yourself from Payday Loans and Predatory Lendersâ€"or just give us a follow on Twitter at @OppLoans.  Contributors  Gerri Detweiler’s pa ssion is helping individuals cut through credit confusion. She’s written five books, including the free ebook  Debt Collection Answers: How to Use Debt Collection Laws to Protect Your Rights, and her latest, Finance Your Own Business. Her articles have been widely syndicated and she’s been interviewed in over 3000 news stories. She serves as Head of Market Education for Nav, the first and only site that shows small business owners their free business and personal credit scores and tools for building strong business credit.David Reiss  is a professor at  Brooklyn Law School  and director of academic programs at the  Center for Urban Business Entrepreneurship. He is the editor of  REFinBlog.com, which tracks developments in the changing world of residential real estate finance.Brian Woltman is the Branch Manager for Embrace Home Loans in Basking Ridge, NJ. Over the course of his 13-year career, he has helped countless families achieve their dreams of homeownership. He’s helped e veryone ranging from first-time home buyers to seasoned real estate investors. If you’re looking for a mortgage professional that will always look out for your best interests, give Brian Woltman a call today at (908)-295-4891, connect on Facebook or email him at BWoltman@EmbraceHomeLoans.com.

The And Its Effect On The Minority And Majority World

The UNCRC is â€Å"†¦a legal- binding international agreement setting out the civil, political, economic, social and cultural right of every child, regardless of race, religion or abilities.† (Save the Children, 2009) Introducing a mixture of welfare and agency rights with the intention to empower children and young people and feel part of the society of which they live in. Focusing on areas such as education, medical care and treatment, child exploitation and the right to life which are all key articles of which the CRC focus on. We can identify the achievements and the limitations of the international agreement and can see how this affects the minority and majority world differently in certain aspects. Moreover, by also discussing the relevance of the CRC identifying more with the western concept of childhood and how to an extent it has little relevance to that of the majority world way and childhoods. Critically discuss the ideas behind the UNCRC and its relevance to childhoods in the minority and majority worlds. Every person being a human being living in society today has the right to something, whether it be the right to education, the right to their beliefs or even the right to life whether they may be a part of the young or older generation. However, Wells (2009), indicates before the new social studies of childhood children have often been overlooked regarding rights. The growth in the new social studies of childhood emphasised on children’sShow MoreRelatedWhy is it that in World War II, the Japanese Canadians were known as the â€Å"enemy† but not the German1000 Words   |  4 Pagesis it that in World War II, the Japanese Canadians were known as the â€Å"enemy† but not the German Canadians? When Japan allied itself with Germany in World War II, the Japanese Canadians were ostracized by society. The exclusion of Japanese Canadians quickly escalated, and soon after the Japanese Canadians were removed from their homes and forced to live in internment camps. The Japa nese Canadians had to suffer because their racial identity could be easily identified. The after effects caused by theRead More Democracy Essay examples821 Words   |  4 Pagesbeyond which a current majority in government may not step. Nonetheless, some people believe that there is no system that can ideally order society and that democracy is not morally ideal. These advocates say that at the heart of democracy is the belief that if a majority is in agreement, it is legitimate to harm the minority. The opponents to this viewpoint say that in a liberal democracy where particular minority groups are protected from being targeted, majorities and minorities actually take a markedlyRead MoreThe Agents Of Socialization : Andrew Vachss1233 Words   |  5 Pagesconsultant, and minority youth lawyer--once said, â€Å"All children are born pure egoists. They perceive their needs to the exclusion of all others. Only through socialization do they learn that some forms of gratification must be deferred and others denied† (Vachss). 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Analysis Of The Movie Bummer - 1366 Words

Bummer in the Summer Being literate has been, let’s just say an uphill battle for me. I say â€Å"battle† in the most literal sense possible because I am dyslexic. Dyslexiais defined as a learning disability that impairs a person s fluency or comprehension accuracy in being able to read. With that being said, reading has not been easy for me and as a result is not my favorite thing to do. This is a major part of my relationship with literacy, and life in general. Having dyslexia has made me realize how much of a role language and literacy plays in everyday life. My parents are both caring and perceptive people, and thank goodness they were. I owe them a lot for all they do for me. They would sit and read to me all the time; some of my favorite books were The Giving Tree and Goodnight Moon. When I would read to them, they quickly realized that I was adding words in the stories, or changing around words in the sentences. In kindergarten,our school gave us all mandatory ey e exams and I did not pass. My parents were so relieved that they thought they had found the reason behind my lack of reading skills and that everything would be great after we got my eyes fixed. So I went and I got my brand new purple wire frame glasses and I was so excited to show them off to my classmates. I thought my glasses were going to make me read like everyone else, but they didn’t. Now I was feeling confused and embarrassed, not fully understanding why I had so much trouble reading compared to myShow MoreRelatedWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1126 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 2: In Lord of the Flies, there’s a scene where one of the main characters, Simon has a conversation after he has passed, out with Lord of the Flies. The pig’s head speaks to him in the book version by William Golding. In contrast, in the movie version, directed by Peter Brook, Simon simply stares at the pig head, and listens to the buzzing of the flies all over the pig’s head. If I were the director, I would have done this scene another way with the pig’s head. Rather than no dialogue inRead MoreThe Monster s Body Is A Culture Body Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pagesnuclear weapon. Modern development of science and new techniques allows them to reach certain success to discover new kinds of the nuclear weapon. According the movie, â€Å"The Terrifying True Scale of Nuclear Weapons. which published on Oct 7, 2016 is describe that nuclear weapons are all types of different sizes and there is the analysis of the impacts of various nuclear weapons. Also, there is tale about terrible Russian Tsar bomb which is presented as Hiroshima X 3,333 Megatons. This informationRead MoreData Analytics And An Organization2512 Words   |  11 Pagesand scrutinized. Unfortunately these first tasks still take a lengthy amount of time to complete. If organizations can improve the efficiency of how they prepare data sets, then they will be able to spend more time interpreting what prescriptive analysis suggests is the best course of action to take. New advancements in technology have created an entirely new angle for sports to be observed at. Analyzing data collected on the field allows coaches to study and enhance an individual players’ skills

Does Living in a Same Sex Home Effect How a Child Will Grow Up Free Essays

string(123) " these children suffer more teasing overall or if the teasing focuses on their parents’ sexual identity \(Bos et al\." Winters 1 Jynai Winters 16 November 2012 Psychology 100 Sabrina Does Same-Sex parenting affect a child? I choose this topic because I love children and I don’t like to see children hurting. I also choose it because I always wondered if it made a difference if a child grows up in a heterosexual home or living in homosexual home. Another reason why I choose to do this topic is because a lot of people believe that homosexual parents are not fit to rise their children if they come from a heterosexual relationship however, they do not have any proof that they are unfit for parenting their children and people do not like the fact that a child is growing up around homosexual activity and they also believe that if they grow up with a homosexual parent that they will not have choice about their sexuality. We will write a custom essay sample on Does Living in a Same Sex Home Effect How a Child Will Grow Up or any similar topic only for you Order Now The earliest known idea about developmental psychology was presented by Jean Jacques Rousseau around the late 18th century. Developmental psychology studies the human growth and development that occurs throughout the entire life span. Most people that studies this field focuses on one stage of development. There are seven stages of life that they could choose from; they are Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Early Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, Other Adults and Developmental Disabilities. To become a psychologist you must earn a Bachelors degree in psychology. However you must have a Master’s or doctoral before you start working as a psychologist. Most psychologists often work in schools and learning centers. They could also work in hospitals, mental facilities and nursing homes. They are even a few psychologists that work at colleges and for the government as teachers or to do perform research. Winters 2 A developmental psychologist salary depends on their training, geographic location and the work setting. Usually psychologist make between $69,007 and $90,326 a year. There are also those few that make more than $101,088 per year. As a psychologist some of their task will included evaluating children to determine if they have a developmental disability, investigating how language skills are acquired, studying how moral reasoning develops in children and finally exploring ways to help elderly individuals remain independent. Most developmentalists study and research contextual influences that impact change such as socioeconomic conditions, culture, and genetics. There are many other changes that developmentalists study which are family, parenting style, divorce, friends, religion physical and mental abuse and educational levels. My research will focus on the Boswell vs. Boswell case of 1998, the Bottoms vs. Bottoms case of 1995 and also the Huggins interview of 1989. I will also talk about the Wainright, Russell, and Patterson 2004 study, the King and Black study of 1994, the MacCallum Golombok of 2004, Vanfraussen study of 2002, the Fulcher of 2008, and finally the Patterson study of 1992 and 2000. The first study I will talk about is Huggins’s 1989 and O’Connell of 1993. The small body of research that has focused on adolescent offspring of families headed by same-sex couples includes Huggins’s (1989) study of 36 adolescents (13–19 years old, 18 with divorced heterosexual mothers and 18 with divorced lesbian mothers), which reported no differences in adolescent self-esteem as a function of mothers’ sexual orientation. In another early study, O’Connell (1993) studied 11 young men and women, 16–23 years old, were the offspring of divorced or separated lesbian mothers. Participants expressed strong love, loyalty, and protectiveness toward their mothers and a desire for others to understand the benefits of having a lesbian mother. Participants, however, also Winters 3 described concerns about losing friends, and some described attempts to control information about their mothers’ sexual orientation. These two studies were about how the child felt after their parents divorced. The Huggins’s study reported that the children that they had no difference in their self-esteem. While the O’Connell study reported that the children showed strong love, loyalty and protectiveness towards their mother’s. However, both studies showed that the children lost friends and some children even tried to hide their mother’s sexual orientation. Wainright, Russell, and Patterson (2004) reported a study of family and relationship variables on the one hand, and adolescent personal and social adjustment on the other. They studied adjustment in a sample of 44 teenagers (12–18 years old) with same-sex parents and a matched sample of 44 teenagers with opposite-sex parents. On a range of psychosocial outcomes including depressive symptoms, anxiety, and school adjustment, Wainright and her colleagues found no significant differences as a function of family type same-sex or opposite-sex parents. Among their findings they found that there were no significant effects for family type on adolescent reports of sexual behavior or romantic relationships. Wainright and her colleagues did, however, find significant associations between parental perception of parent–adolescent relationship quality and adolescent school adjustment. Similar findings were reported for delinquency, substance use, and victimization by Wainright and Patterson (2006). The Wainright, Russell, and Patterson study talks about family and relationship vs. adolescent personal and social adjustment. The results to the study was that there was no significant difference as a function as a family, there was also no significant effect for the family type with sexual behavior or romantic relationship. However, they did find that there was difference between parental perception and school adjustment. Winters 4 The few negative findings for children with two mothers were equivocal. Teachers in a Belgian study (Vanfraussen et al. , 2002) reported more attention and behavior problems for such children (about a half standard deviation difference), but this did not match teachers’ ratings of the children’s adjustment, and neither the children nor their mothers concurred. A second more plausible finding was that such children reported being teased about their families more, but this speaks to social disapproval of their parents’ sexual identity rather than their gender. Researchers consistently find that children with lesbian parents contend with homophobia among their peers, but disagree over whether these children suffer more teasing overall or if the teasing focuses on their parents’ sexual identity (Bos et al. You read "Does Living in a Same Sex Home Effect How a Child Will Grow Up" in category "Essay examples" , 2008; Tasker ; Golombok, 1997; Wainright ; Patterson, 2008). The only clear negative finding appeared in the first wave of the UK study of fatherless families described above (Golombok et al. , 1997). Six-year-old children in mother-only families (whether lesbian or heterosexual) described themselves as less competent physically and cognitively than their peers (0. 75 SD averaging the two), but the difference disappeared when the children were interviewed again 6 years later (MacCallum ; Golombok, 2004). Because this study did not control for the number of parents in mother-only families, it could not help us determine whether the absence of a male parent or just of a second parent contributed to the lower self-esteem the younger children expressed. The Vanfraussen study of 2002 was one of the two studies that show that the children will misbehave if they live with a homosexual parent. However, when asked by the teachers they said the child is a good child and does not misbehave, they asked their parent too and they give the same answer. So this study is not a really good study because their results did prove the opposite of what they stated. Should a parent’s sexual identity be considered relevant in deciding a child’s best Winters 5 interest, for purposes of child custody and visitation? Answers to this question have shown tremendous variability from one jurisdiction to another. In some states, such as Massachusetts and California, parental sexual orientation is considered irrelevant to custody and visitation disputes. In these states, a connection, or nexus, must be demonstrated between a parent’s sexual orientation, on the one hand, and a negative outcome for the child, on the other. Because a connection of this type can be difficult to establish, nexus rules have often resulted in judgments favorable to lesbian and gay parents. For instance, in Boswell v. Boswell (1998), a Maryland visitation case, the court refused to limit children’s visitation with their gay father in the presence of his same-sex partner because there was no evidence of harm to the children from such visitation. The Boswell vs. Boswell case of 1998 a father was limited to see his children because of his sexuality, so he took his wife to court and the judge agreed with him because there was no evidence that the child would be harm because of their father’s sexuality. In a custody case involving a lesbian mother ( Bottoms v. Bottoms, 1995), for example, the Virginia Supreme Court reiterated its earlier holding that a lesbian mother is not unfit as a matter of law but included the mother’s sexual orientation among factors considered to make her an undesirable parent. Thus, in some states, lesbian and gay parents must overcome formal or informal presumptions that their sexual identities make them less than ideal parents. With the case of Bottoms vs. Bottoms the judge agreed in the favor of the mother because her sexuality did not make her unfit parent, it just made her an undesirable parent. I know has nothing to do with a child but I just wanted to show how a parent is sometimes looked upon as an unfit parent just because of their sexuality. In connection with this bias, Patterson, who would later serve as sole author of the Winters 6 2005 APA Brief’s â€Å"Summary of Research Findings on Lesbian and Gay Families†, reported: Despite the diversity of gay and lesbian communities, both in the United States and abroad, samples of children and parents have been relatively homogeneous†¦. Samples for which demographic information was reported have been described as predominantly Caucasian, well-educated, and middle to upper class. In spite of the privileged and homogeneous nature of the non-representative samples employed in the studies at that time, Patterson’s (1992) conclusion was as follows: Despite shortcomings in the studies, however, results of existing research comparing children of gay or lesbian parents with those of heterosexual parents are extraordinarily clear, and they merit attention†¦ There is no evidence to suggest that psychosocial development among children of gay men or lesbians is compromised in any respect relative to that among offspring of heterosexual parents. Patterson’s conclusion in a 2000 review was essentially the same: Central results of existing research on lesbian and gay couples and families with children are exceptionally clear. The home environments provided by lesbian and gay parents are just as likely as those provided by heterosexual parents to enable psychosocial growth among family members. The Patterson study was about showing if homosexual parents make a difference with how the child is raised or affected. There results showed that there was no evidence that showed that the development among children of gay or lesbian is compromised compared to the offspring of heterosexual parents. Then they looked back at the study in 2000 and found that home environment is just as likely to have the same problem no matter if the parents are lesbian, gay or heterosexual. Associative stigmatization of children with lesbian mothers might be expected, based on the degree of stigmatization directed toward the parents. Although there seems to be a growing willingness among Americans to extend basic civil liberties to gay Winters 7 en and lesbians (Herek, 1991), stigma is still associated with same-gender sexual orientations (Herek, Kimmel, Amaro, Melton, 1991), and researchers agree that negative attitudes toward gay men and lesbians are widespread (Kite, 1994). This study talks about stigmatization against children whose parents are homosexual and also how Americans still have attitudes against homosexu al. It was also saying that people attitudes towards to homosexual affects the child because the child is thinking that their parent is not liked be anyone because who they are. Other researchers have noted that children brought up in a two-adult home, regardless of the gender of the adults, are in better emotional health than those raised by single parents, and that lesbian mothers who live with a partner are at a psychological advantage over single lesbian mothers. In addition to these indications that custody contingent on the absence of a live-in partner for the mother is not in the child’s best interests, there is no evidence in the current study that potential stigmatization is increased by the presence of a female partner. Some researchers have shown that children that are brought up in two-adult homes are better in emotional health than those raised by single parents. It also showed that lesbian mothers that live with a partner are at a advantage over a single lesbian mother because there is no evidence that shows that the potential of stigmatization will increased by the presence of a female partner. Children may indeed be stigmatized or embarrassed at times because of characteristics of their parents — not just children of lesbians, but children of a variety of non-traditional parents. That a parent is of a racial, political, or religious minority, is poor, has a physical impairment, or is otherwise different is not usually considered sufficient reason for denying that parent custody of a child (Falk, 1989). The same stigmatization argument that was used by courts 20 years ago to deny custody to women who married interracially after a divorce is now being used to deny custody to lesbian mothers. Winters 8 However in this study did show that children will be stigmatized and embarrassed because of their parents characteristic, but not just children f lesbians any child can be embarrassed or stigmatized by someone. Another thing is that with the custody of a child a mother or father could not be denied custody just because of their sexuality. The Falk study founded that perceptual stigmatization of children of divorced lesbians does occur; it was not designed to address the magnitude of that stigmatization. In related work on relational stigmatization, Falk have found that a majority of college students are willing to interact in relationships with children of lesbians, although willingness decreases as intimacy of relationship increases. As Falk has pointed out, legal decision-makers may be overemphasizing the severity of stigmatization toward children in the custody of lesbian mothers. Two types of studies would be informative in addressing this concern. One would seek to identify the number of participants in any given sample who are likely to stigmatize children of lesbians and would explore characteristics of these individuals that may be correlated with a tendency to engage in stigmatization. Another would compare attitudes toward children of lesbian mothers with actual interaction with these children. Future research on this topic should also utilize samples that are more demographically diverse, particularly In terms of age and education. Community samples, for example, may differ from college samples in their likelihood to stigmatize lesbians and their children. Even though a few of the studies of stereotyping and attitudes toward homosexuals that used both college and community samples found little difference between groups, this finding may or may not extend to children of lesbians. Based on the published science, one could argue that two women parent better on average than a woman and a man, or at least than a woman and man with a traditional division of family labor. Lesbian co parents seem to outperform comparable married heterosexual, biological parents on several measures, even while being denied the substantial privileges of marriage. This seems to be attributable partly to selection effects and partly to women on average exceeding men in parenting investment and skills. Family structure modifies these differences in parenting. Married heterosexual fathers typically score lowest on parental involvement and skills, but as with Dustin Hoffman’s character in the 1979 film Kramer v. Kramer, they improve notably when faced with single or primary parenthood. Winters 9 The science world has shown that two women can out parent a married heterosexual couples on several different measures, even though being denied the privilege of getting married. In a heterosexual relationship the father usually scores the lowest in parental involvement and skills however, in a homosexual relationship both parents pass parental involvement and skill part. One thing they did notice was that the father usually increased his score when he is faced with single or primary parenthood. In conclusion, from my research it has shown that a child can live in a same sex home and not be affected by his or her parent’s sexuality. The only thing they will have to deal with is being teased however; ever child is teased at some point in their life. The only thing that is being learned is that you cannot judge a parent because of their sexuality. I would also say that you cannot judge a child because of their parent’s sexuality. A child really does not really understand what the difference is between homosexual and heterosexual relationship. The child only knows that they have two parents that love them, so why would you try to change their vision of their family, if the child is happy let them be because they are innocent. Finally future research should focus on how the parent is affected. They could also survey the children when they get older and see how they felt growing up in a same sex home. Another thing they could do is see how they raise their children and how they grow up helped them choose on how they raise them. These are just some things they could do in the future if they ever research this topic again. Winters 10 Works Cited Biblarz, Timothy J. â€Å"How Does Gender of Parents Matter. † ProQuest. Pro Quest, Feb. 2010. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"What Is a Developmental Psychologist. † Psychology. About. com, n. d. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. â€Å"Developmental Psychology Careers. † CareersInPsychology. org. CareersInPsychology. org,64ed n. d. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. â€Å"Developmental Psychology. † The Psychology Career Center. AllPsychologyCareers. com, n. d. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. King, Beverly R. College Students’s Perceptual Stigmatization of the Children of Lesbian Mothers. † ProQuest. Pro Quest, Apr. 1999. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. Loren, Marks. â€Å"Same Sex Parenting and Children’s Outcomes: A Closer Examination of the American Psychological Association’s Brief on Lesbian and Gay Parenting. † ScienceDirect. com. ScienceDirect. c om, July 2012. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. Patterson, Charlotte J. â€Å"Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents. † ProQuest. Pro Quest, Nov. 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. Wainright, Jennifer L. â€Å"Peer Relations among Adolescents with Female Same-sex Parents. † ProQuest. ProQuest, Jan. 2008. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. How to cite Does Living in a Same Sex Home Effect How a Child Will Grow Up, Essay examples

Seafloor Magnetic Anomalies an Example of the Topic Education and science by

Seafloor Magnetic Anomalies Seafloor magnetic anomalies are stripes of alternating high and low magnetic intensity running parallel to ocean ridges (Sea-Floor Spreading). These linear anomalies end at fracture zones and have distinctive shapes that occur in predictable patterns across fracture zones as trends. Two scientists from Great Britain, Frederick J. Vine and Drummond H. Matthews, and one Canadian scientist by the name of Lawrence W. Morley were the first to propose an explanation for these anomalies. Need essay sample on "Seafloor Magnetic Anomalies" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Their theory rests on the assumptions that the magnetic field of the earth reverses polarity on a periodic basis, that seafloor spreading is a fact, and that the crust of the ocean experiences permanent magnetization as it is formed and as it cools at the centers of seafloor spreading. Hence, the crust of the ocean must include records of reversals of the magnetic field as it forms during spreading (Ocean, 2009). There are two kinds of seafloor magnetic anomalies: the stripes of high intensity or positive seafloor magnetic anomalies and the stripes of low intensity or negative magnetic anomalies (Sea-Floor Spreading; Ocean). (See Appendix). Positive magnetic anomalies are produced when the oceanic crust experiences magnetization in a normal polarity parallel to the ambient field of the Earth (Ocean). Low intensity or negative magnetic anomalies are the result of the crust being reversely magnetized in an opposite sense (Ocean). As the crust that has been magnetized moves down the sides of the ridge and away from the center of seafloor spreading, it remains magnetized and permanently so while carrying the stripes along (Ocean). Because the patterns of reversal are maintained in seafloor magnetic anomalies, scientists have gathered that these stripes are in principle correlatable back to the age of the oldest sea floor (McElhinny & McFadden, 1999, p. 149). So, if the age of magnetic field reversals is known, it is theoretically possible to calculate the approximate age of the oceanic crust once the corresponding stripes have been mapped. In fact, scientists have already put together schedules of magnetic field reversals for the past four to five million years. They have done this by studying the approximate age in addition to magnetic polarities of flows of lava. The rate of ocean floor spreading has also been measured. In the case of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the United States, the first oceanic floor spreading is said to have occurred at 30 mm per year (Ocean). Vine and J. Tuzo Wilson, a Canadian geologist, calculated this rate by piding the distance of an anomaly from the ridge crest by the age of the anomaly twice (Ocean). This formula was used to calculate the current rate of seafloor spreading to boot. It has been found that the Juan de Fuca Ridge moves at approximately 15 mm per year from the crest of the ridge at present, and at around 60 mm per year from the segment of the crust that is on the side opposite to the crest (Ocean). Thus, seafloor magnetic anomalies appear as extraordinary phenomenon to use in further exploration of the ocean. Scientists believe that lava layers in the upper crust are the most important contributors to these stripes. But, seafloor magnetic anomalies may also originate in the gabbros, in particular their upper layers (Ocean). Further research on seafloor magnetic anomalies may shed greater light, therefore, not only on the age of oceans but also the rocks and minerals that make up the oceanic crust. References McElhinny, M. W., & McFadden, P. L. (1999). Paleomagnetism: Continents and Oceans. 2nd Ed. St. Louis, MO: Academic Press. Ocean. (2009). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved Mar 11, 2009, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/424285/ocean/67133/Investigations-of-the-oceanic-crust#ref=ref540716 Seafloor magnetic stripes: look again. (2008). Retrieved Mar 11, 2009, from http://www.newgeology.us/presentation25.html Sea-Floor Spreading. (2008, Sep 11). Retrieved Mar 11, 2009, from http://www.geo.umass.edu/courses/geo105/Lecture-4.pdf.